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Writing and Citing

This guide will help students use various reference and citation formats.

Online help from from Purdue University's OWL (Online Writing Lab)

APA? MLA? Chicago? Find citation examples, sample papers, and other help at Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL).

Print Writing Guides

What are DOIs?

Instead of long URL's and permalinks, citation styles such as APA now use DOI's or Digital Object Identifiers. They provide a stable place to retrieve documents.

  • When a DOI number is available use this format in references (example)  https://doi.org/10.5555/12345678
  • Create a URL to a document by adding the DOI number at the end of https://doi.org/
  • If the document doesn't have a DOI, use the permalink.